Thinking about development of multi-channel surveillance and multi-dimensional early warning system of emerging respiratory communicable diseases / 中华流行病学杂志

The world has paid a heavy price for the pandemic of the emerging respiratory communicable disease, so more concern about communicable disease surveillance and early warning has been aroused. This paper briefly reviews the establishment of the surveillance and early warning system of respiratory communicable diseases in China, discusses its future development and introduces the novel surveillance methods and early warning models for the purpose of establishment of a multi-channel surveillance and multi-dimensional early warning system of communicable diseases in the future and the improvement of the prevention and control of emerging respiratory communicable diseases in China.

MicroRNA-22-3p Regulates the Expression of Kruppel-like Factor 6 to Affect the Cardiomyocyte-like Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell / 中国医学科学院学报

Objective To explore the effect of microRNA-22-3p (miR-22-3p) regulating the expression of Kruppel-like factor 6 (KLF6) on the cardiomyocyte-like differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell (BMSC). Methods Rat BMSC was isolated and cultured,and the third-generation BMSC was divided into a control group,a 5-azacytidine(5-AZA)group,a mimics-NC group,a miR-22-3p mimics group,a miR-22-3p mimics+pcDNA group,and a miR-22-3p mimics+pcDNA-KLF6 group.Real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR (qRT-PCR) was carried out to determine the expression of miR-22-3p and KLF6 in cells.Immunofluorescence staining was employed to detect the expression of Desmin,cardiac troponin T (cTnT),and connexin 43 (Cx43).Western blotting was employed to determine the protein levels of cTnT,Cx43,Desmin,and KLF6,and flow cytometry to detect the apoptosis of BMSC.The targeting relationship between miR-22-3p and KLF6 was analyzed by dual luciferase reporter gene assay. Results Compared with the control group,5-AZA up-regulated the expression of miR-22-3p (q=7.971,P<0.001),Desmin (q=7.876,P<0.001),cTnT (q=10.272,P<0.001),and Cx43 (q=6.256,P<0.001),increased the apoptosis rate of BMSC (q=12.708,P<0.001),and down-regulated the mRNA (q=20.850,P<0.001) and protein (q=11.080,P<0.001) levels of KLF6.Compared with the 5-AZA group and the mimics-NC group,miR-22-3p mimics up-regulated the expression of miR-22-3p (q=3.591,P<0.001;q=11.650,P<0.001),Desmin (q=5.975,P<0.001;q=13.579,P<0.001),cTnT (q=7.133,P<0.001;q=17.548,P<0.001),and Cx43 (q=4.571,P=0.037;q=11.068,P<0.001),and down-regulated the mRNA (q=7.384,P<0.001;q=28.234,P<0.001) and protein (q=4.594,P=0.036;q=15.945,P<0.001) levels of KLF6.The apoptosis rate of miR-22-3p mimics group was lower than that of 5-AZA group (q=8.216,P<0.001).Compared with the miR-22-3p mimics+pcDNA group,miR-22-3p mimics+pcDNA-KLF6 up-regulated the mRNA(q=23.891,P<0.001) and protein(q=13.378,P<0.001)levels of KLF6,down-regulated the expression of Desmin (q=9.505,P<0.001),cTnT (q=10.985,P<0.001),and Cx43 (q=8.301,P<0.001),and increased the apoptosis rate (q=4.713,P=0.029).The dual luciferase reporter gene experiment demonstrated that KLF6 was a potential target gene of miR-22-3p. Conclusion MiR-22-3p promotes cardiomyocyte-like differentiation of BMSC by inhibiting the expression of KLF6.

Evaluation of Multidrug Resistant Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification Assay for Detecting the Drug Resistance of / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

Objective@#To evaluate multidrug resistant loop-mediated isothermal amplification (MDR-LAMP) assay for the early diagnosis of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis and to compare the mutation patterns associated with the @*Methods@#MDR-LAMP assay was evaluated using 100 @*Results@#The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of MDR-LAMP were 85.5%, 93.6%, 96.7%, and 74.4% for the detection of resistance to isoniazid and rifampicin, respectively, and 80.5%, 92.3%, 98.6%, and 41.4% for the detection of @*Conclusion@#MDR-LAMP is a rapid and accessible assay for the laboratory identification of rifampicin and isoniazid resistance of

Distribution,antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from blood culture,and risk factors for death of children with leukemia / 中国感染控制杂志

Objective To observe distribution and antimicrobial resistance of pathogens from blood culture of chil-dren with leukemia,and study risk factors.Methods From September 2013 to November 2016,species and antimi-crobial resistance types of 131 strains of pathogens isolated from blood culture of 110 children in a pediatric hemato-logy ward were analyzed,childrens'clinical data were also analyzed statistically.Results 131 strains(5.23%)of pathogens were isolated from 2 505 blood culture specimens,gram-negative bacilli and gram-positive cocci accounted for 52.67% and 43.51% respectively,the top 3 pathogens were Escherichia coli(15.27%),Klebsiella pneumoniae (15.27%),and Staphylococcus hominis(12.98%). Gram-negative bacilli were highly resistant to ampicillin,ce-fazolin,ceftriaxone,and ampicillin/sulbactam,but sensitive to amikacin,cefoperazone/sulbactam,piperacillin/tazobactam,and carbapenems;gram-positive cocci had higher resistance to penicillin,oxacillin,erythromycin,and clindamycin,but were sensitive to tigecycline,linezolid,vancomycin,and quinupristin/dalfopristin. Univariate analysis showed that mixed infection,diarrhea,Pseudomonasaeruginosa infection,and Acinetobacterbaumannii in-fection were related to mortality due to bloodstream infection in children with leukemia.Conclusion Pathogens cau-sing bloodstream infection in children with leukemia is widely distributed,antimicrobial resistance rate is high,it is very im-portant to take active precaution and rational treatment according to antimicrobial susceptibility testing result.

Mechanism of carvedilol against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury / 医学研究生学报

Objective Carvedilol (Cvd) has a potential cardioprotective effect against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury but its molecular mechanism is not yet clarified. The present study aimed to investigate whether the mechanism of Cvd against myocardial I/R injury-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis is associated with its protection of the myocardium by modulating the unfolded protein response (UPR).Methods Forty male SD rats were randomly divided into five groups of equal number, sham operation, I/R, I/R + UPR agonist dithiothreitol (I/R+DTT), I/R + DTT with Cvd pretreatment at 5 mg/kg (I/R+DTT+Cvd), and I/R with Cvd pretreatment at 5 mg/kg (I/R+Cvd). The myocardial infarct size (infarct area / area-at-risk, IA/AAR) was measured by TCC & Evans blue double staining, the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular fractional shortening (LVFS) detected by echocardiography, the apoptosis of the myocardiocytes determined by TUNEL staining, the activation of the UPR signaling pathway and the expressions of Caspase-12 and Casoase-3 detected by Western blot, and the concentrations of LDH and CK-MB assayed with the detection kit, followed by a comprehensive evaluation of the effects of Cvd on myocardial I/R injury.Results Myocardial IA/AAR was significantly increased in the I/R+DTT group as compared with the sham operation control (\[54.1±3.28\] % vs \[24.25±3.19\] %, P<0.05), higher in the I/R+DTT and I/R+DTT+Cvd (P<0.05) but lower in the I/R+Cvd than in the I/R group (P<0.05), and lower in the I/R+DTT+Cvd than in the I/R+DTT group (P<0.05). In comparison with the sham operation control, all the other four groups showed significantly decreased LVEF and LVFS (P<0.05), both remarkably lower in the I/R+DTT (\[44.5±1.56\] % and \[19.2±2.23\] %) than in the I/R group (\[61.5±2.63\] % and \[28.4±1.42\] %) (P<0.05), but higher in the I/R+DTT+Cvd and I/R+Cvd groups (P<0.05). The apoptosis rate of the cardiomyocytes was markedly increased in the I/R, I/R+DTT, I/R+DTT+Cvd, and I/R+Cvd groups as compared with that in the sham operation control (\[24.4±2.65\]%, \[48.3±1.62\]%, \[32.6±1.28\] % and \[13.2±2.21\]% vs \[6.2±1.27\]%, P<0.05), higher in the I/R+DTT and I/R+DTT+Cvd (P<0.05) but lower in the I/R+Cvd than in the I/R group (P<0.05). Compared with the sham operation control, the other four groups exhibited significantly elevated levels of expressions of the GRP78, CHOP and ATF6 proteins (P<0.05), all markedly higher in the I/R+DTT (P<0.05) but lower in the I/R+Cvd (P<0.05) and that of GRP78 lower in the I/R+DTT+Cvd than in in the I/R group (P<0.05), and all lower in the I/R+DTT+Cvd than in the I/R+DTT group (P<0.05).Conclusion Carvedilol can significantly alleviate the apoptosis of cardiomyocytes, and its molecular mechanism is related to its inhibitory effect on the UPR pathway.

AT1 Receptor Modulator Attenuates the Hypercholesterolemia-Induced Impairment of the Myocardial Ischemic Post-Conditioning Benefits

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ischemic post-conditioning (PostC) has been demonstrated as a novel strategy to harness nature's protection against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Hypercholesterolemia (HC) has been reported to block the effect of PostC on the heart. Angiotensin II type-1 (AT1) modulators have shown benefits in myocardial ischemia. The present study investigates the effect of a novel inhibitor of AT1, azilsartan in PostC of the heart of normocholesterolemic (NC) and HC rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS: HC was induced by the administration of high-fat diet to the animals for eight weeks. Isolated Langendorff's perfused NC and HC rat hearts were exposed to global ischemia for 30 min and reperfusion for 120 min. I/R-injury had been assessed by cardiac hemodynamic parameters, myocardial infarct size, release of tumor necrosis factor-alpha troponin I, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, nitrite in coronary effluent, thiobarbituric acid reactive species, a reduced form of glutathione, superoxide anion, and left ventricle collagen content in normal and HC rat hearts. RESULTS: Azilsartan post-treatment and six episodes of PostC (10 sec each) afforded cardioprotection against I/R-injury in normal rat hearts. PostC protection against I/R-injury was abolished in HC rat hearts. Azilsartan prevented the HC-mediated impairment of the beneficial effects of PostC in I/R-induced myocardial injury, which was inhibited by L-N⁵-(1-Iminoethyl)ornithinehydrochloride, a potent inhibitor of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). CONCLUSION: Azilsartan treatment has attenuated the HC-induced impairment of beneficial effects of PostC in I/R-injury of rat hearts, by specifically modulating eNOS. Azilsartan may be explored further in I/R-myocardial injury, both in NC and HC conditions, with or without PostC.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Mycobacterium abscessus in a General Hospital, China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To gain greater insight into the prevalence drug resistant profiles of M. abscessus from a general hospital in Beijing, China.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Partial gene sequencing of 16S, hsp65, and rpoB were used to distinguish the species of NTM isolates. All strains identified as M. abscessus were further enrolled in the drug susceptibility testing by using broth microdilution method.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>We found that M. avium complex was the most frequent NTM organism, accounting for 54.1% (33/61) of all isolates. Behind MAC, the second most common organisms were M. abscessus (22 out of 61, 36.1%). Average rates of resistance were 4.5% for AMK, 9.1% for LZD, and 13.6% for CLA, respectively. In contrast, resistance to LEV (17/22, 77.3%), IMI (9/22, 40.9%), and SMX (10/22, 45.5%) was noted in more than 40% of M. abscessus isolates. DNA sequencing revealed that all the CLA-resistant isolates harbored nucleotide substitutions in position 2058 (1/3, 33.3%) or 2059 (2/3, 66.7%) of 23S rRNA.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>In conclusion, our data demonstrated that M. intracellulare and M. abscessus were the most common NTM species in the general hospital of Beijing. CLA, AMK, LZD showed promising activity, where as LEV, IMI, and SMX exhibited poor activity against M. abscessus in vitro.</p>

Mass Spectrometry-based Proteomics in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: A Powerful Modality for Pulmonary Precision Medicine / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is an acute and lethal clinical syndrome that is characterized by hypoxemic respiratory failure and diffuse alveolar inflammatory damage. This review aimed to search and discuss the mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomic studies on different subsets of ARDS patients.</p><p><b>DATA SOURCES</b>Original research articles were collected from the PubMed database published in English up to December 2015.</p><p><b>STUDY SELECTION</b>The literature search was done using the term "(acute lung injury OR acute respiratory distress syndrome) AND (proteomics OR proteome OR mass spectrum OR differential in-gel electrophoresis OR two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis)". Related original research articles were included and were carefully analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Eight original proteomic researches on ARDS patients were found. The common proteomic modalities were two-dimensional (2D) high-performance liquid chromatography-based electronic spray ion-MS/MS and 2D-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis/differential in-gel electrophoresis-based matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight/MS. They compared the proteome between ARDS patients and normal controls and analyzed the dynamic changes of proteome at different ARDS stages or severity. The disturbed proteome in ARDS patients includes plasma acute-phase proteins, inflammatory/immune-associated proteins, and coagulation proteins.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Although several previous studies have provided some useful information about the lung proteome in ARDS patients and gained several interesting disease-associated biomarkers, clinical proteomic studies in ARDS patients are still in the initial stage. An increased cooperation is still needed to establish a global and faithful database containing disease-specific proteome from the largest ARDS subsets.</p>

Application of 3D printing in orthopedics of scoliosis / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To establish a spine solid model of patients using 3D printing technique based on CT tomoscan data, and to apply the model in spine orthopedics. Methods The time for placing the screws, the accuracy rate of screw placement, the incidence rates of nerve and blood vessel injury were retrospectively analyzed and compared beforc and after 3D printing technique was employed to rebuild the diseased segmentai spine in two groups. Resulte A total of 466 pedical screws were placed in 30 patients who were not subjected to 3D printing technique, and the mean screwing time was (3. 1 ± 0. 5)min, with an accuracy rate of 85. 6% (399/466). While 354 pedical screws were placed in 23 patients who werc subjected to 3D printing technique, and their mean screwing time was (2. 1 ± 0. 4)min, with an accuracy rate of 93. 2% (330/354). Significant differences were found for both the screwing time and accuracy between the two groups (P<0. 01). No patients had complication such as injuries of the nerve, blood vessel or visceral injury during or after operation. Conclusion Compared to traditional free-hand screwing technique, preoperative 3D printing model of the diseased segmental spine can provide reference for operation planning and screwing, shortening the screwing time and improving the screwing accuracy.